Awareness of First Aid is need

What is First Aid?

First aid can be defined as a first helped or first need in between incident and hospitalization or to handover to the specialization. We also call First Aid ‘Ibtadiye Tibi Imdaad’ in Roman Urdu.

Why First Aid awareness is needed?

We usually see the incidents like accidents on road, mental shock cases, bomb blasts, electric shock cases etc. But many of the patients died because they didn’t get first aid in the way between accident and hospitalization. That’s why awareness of first aid is need for all citizens, and they have to apply.

Real Cases, saw by me:

Accident on road:

I saw a biker got accident with the truck, and he got died because of not getting proper first aid in ambulance which was on the way to hospital.

Bomb Blast:

On Aashura Bomb Blast in Karachi, I saw many patients who didn’t got proper first aid and stretchers, and many of the people didn’t know how to take patients through stretchers and on that occasion there was also a lack of stretchers and people didn’t know how to take them properly to the hospital.

Conclusion

People have to know about First Aid, especially about how to take patients to hospital via stretcher or without stretcher.

I am very thankful to organization named CUBE who organized the great event today in UIT, Karachi named “First Aid – Awareness is to need”.

 

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Air Launched Cruise Missile, Hatf-VIII (Ra’ad)

 

Pakistan, today conducted a successful Flight Test of the indigenously developed Air Launched Cruise Missile, Hatf-VIII (Ra’ad).  The Ra’ad Missile, with a range of over 350 KM, enables Pakistan to achieve strategic standoff capability on land and at Sea. ‘Cruise Technology’ is extremely complex and has been developed by only a few countries in the world.  The state of the art Ra’ad Cruise Missile with Stealth Capabilities is a Low Altitude, Terrain Hugging Missile with high maneuverability, and can deliver nuclear and conventional warheads with pin point accuracy.

A major additional feature of today’s test was the effective employment of the National Command Authority’s fully automated Strategic Command and Control Support System (SCCSS).  It has enabled robust Command and Control capability of all strategic assets with round the clock situational awareness in a digitized network centric environment to decision makers at National Command Centre (NCC).  The system has the added capability of real time remote monitoring of missile flight path.

The successful launch has been commended by the President, the Prime Minister of Pakistan, and Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee who have congratulated the scientists and engineers on their outstanding achievement.

Source: PakSoldiers.com

Pakistan Army declared Martyrs of Gayari Sector

RAWALPINDI: The Pakistan Army has declared all the victims of Gayari sector as ‘Shuhada’ (martyrs) on Tuesday.

According to Inter Services Public Relations (ISPR), the army has declared all the victims of Gayari sector as martyrs, as nature and magnitude of the calamity is suggestive of no probability of recovering any one alive.

In this backdrop, religious scholars from all sects and factions were consulted. Aspects related to socio-religious dimensions / implications, requirements to initiate the process of documentation, and reduction of the sufferings of the bereaved families have been evaluated in detail.

Therefore, it was decided to declare the remaining brave soldiers as “Shuhada”. This is being done with mixed feelings of pride, grief and above all unflinching resolve to continue efforts to recover the remaining bodies.

The military says there is no probability of recovering any person alive. However, army authority vowed to carry on the search operation during which three out of 139 soldiers’ bodies were recovered.

“It has been decided to declare the remaining brave soldiers as Shuhada. This is being done with mixed feelings of pride, grief and above all unflinching resolve to continue all out efforts to recover the bodies of all shuhada,” ISPR said.

“Notwithstanding the resolve of troops employed on search operations, excavation work is taking time due to constraints imposed by terrain and weather,” the ISPR said in a statement.

Pakistan Successfuly Test Fires Ballistic Missile Hatf IX

Pakistan successfully conducted the test fire of indigenously developed Short
Range Surface to Surface Multi Tube Missile Hatf IX (NASR) today. (29-05-2012)
– Photo ISPR

Pakistan today successfully conducted the test fire of indigenously developed Short Range Surface to Surface Multi Tube Missile Hatf IX (NASR). NASR, with a range of 60 km, can carry nuclear warheads of appropriate yield, with high accuracy, and possesses shoot & scoot attributes. This quick response system addresses the need to deter evolving threats, specially at shorter ranges said a stament from ISPR, the Media wing of the Pakistani Military.

The test was witnessed by Director General Strategic Plans Division Lieutenant General Khalid Ahmed Kidwai (R), Chairman NESCOM Mr Irfan Burney, Commander Army Strategic Forces Command, Lieutenant General Tariq Nadeem Gilani, Senior Officers from the Strategic forces and scientists and engineers of strategic organizations.

The Director General Strategic Plans Division, Lieutenant General Khalid Ahmed Kidwai (R), terming the NASR Missile as a weapon of peace, said that the test was a major development which will consolidate Pakistan’s deterrence capability at all levels of the threat spectrum, thereby ensuring peace in the region.
The successful test has also been warmly appreciated by the President, Prime Minister of Pakistan and Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee, who have congratulated the scientists and engineers on their outstanding success.

Source: PakSoldiers.com

Helicopter by Pakistani Engineers

Helicopter by Pakistani Engineers
This Video was uploaded on Youtube 1 years ago.

Robotic Fish to Fight Pollution

The fish can work together to find pollutants

Robotic fish that can work together to detect and identify pollution in ports and other aquatic areas have been developed by scientists.

The fish are the work of Shoal, a pan-European ICT project made up of six organisations and partly funded by the European Union.

Luke Speller, project leader and a senior research scientist at the London-based BMT Group, said: "The fish can identify the source of pollution enabling prompt and more effective remedial action."

The yellow-coloured robotic fish are 1.5 metres (five feet) long and are driven by a dual-hinged tail that enables them to make tight turns.

They are battery powered and can run for up to eight hours before they need to be recharged.

Each one has a range of sensors and programming that allows it to navigate and gather information which it can share with other fish and relay back to researchers.

Mr Speller said: "Chemical sensors fitted to the fish permit real-time in-situ analysis, rather than the current method of sample collection and dispatch to a shore based laboratory.

"Furthermore, the Artificial Intelligence which has been introduced means that the fish can identify the source of pollution enabling prompt and more effective remedial action."

Working in a group, the fish can cover up to one square kilometre of water up to a depth of 30 metres.

Importantly, says Shoal, they are able to blend into the undersea environment without disrupting any of the marine life there.

Mr Speller said: "Shoal has seen the coming together of scientists from across Europe to create a system that could not have been achieved without collaboration between different disciplines.

"One of the greatest achievements of Shoal is getting robots running outside the lab and in the harsh, dynamic conditions of the sea.

"Autonomously exploring and investigating the harbour, the fish can work together to monitor and track down sources of pollution."

Source: Sky News

Iran to launch high resolution satellite

Iran launched its first domestically-produced Omid (Hope) satellite
in 2009 on board Safir (Ambassador) carrier.

An Iranian official has announced that the country is set to launch a high resolution student satellite tasked with taking images of the earth. 

 

Head of the Iranian Space Agency (ISA) Hamid Fazeli said the satellite is part of a project by Tehran’s Sharif University of Technology and will be launched in the current Iranian calendar year (started March 2012) via the indigenous Safir (Ambassador) B-1 satellite carrier.

He added that the satellite’s high precision equipment and 12.5-meter resolution capability make it very suitable for taking photographs.

Fazeli said more than 100 students, alumni and faculty members have contributed to the design and construction of the microsatellite, which weighs 50 kg and fits in a 40 x 40 x 40 cm cube.

Iran is also set to launch its indigenous Fajr (Dawn) satellite, which is said to be for reconnaissance purposes powered by solar energy, in June.

The Islamic Republic launched its first indigenous satellite, Omid (Hope), in 2009. The country also sent its first biocapsule of living creatures into space in February 2010, using the indigenous Kavoshgar-3 (Explorer-3) carrier.

Moreover, in June 2011, Iran put the 15.3-kilogram Rasad (Observation) orbiter in space. Rasad's mission was to take images of the Earth and transmit them along with telemetry information to the ground stations.

Iran also launched Navid-e Elm-o Sanat (Harbinger of Science and Industry), an indigenous telecom, measurement and scientific satellite, into orbit on February 3, 2012.

Iran is one of the 24 founding members of the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space, which was set up in 1959.

Tehran also plans to launch the country's first manned mission to space by 2019.

HMV/HGH/AZ 

 

Source: PressTv.ir

Basic Guideline & Tips for ISSB

Source: PakSoldiers.com

To become a commissioned officer in Pak Armed Forces is the wish of every Young Man, here are the few tips for those candidates who ‘d appear in ISSB.
Understanding the test directions
ISSB Test consists of three separate exams conducted by three separated independent examiners. After these exams and separate assessment of each candidate the three different testing officers convene a conference for the final measure of the ability of the candidate.
Intelligence Test
The mode of these written intelligence tests for the selection of suitable officers for the Defense Forces of Pakistan at the ISSB is not very difficult. The candidate is required to make use of his acquired knowledge and his own inborn intelligence to solve problems. The questions set in these tests do not require long answers, but they are required to reply in “yes” or “no” or put a tick around the correct answer or to write the serial number of the correct answer out of a few suggested answers on the given sheet of paper, which usually begin from easy to lengthy questions. Although, question set in these tests are not so difficult but the time of answering these questions is short. The candidate has to make up his high speed in answering these numerous questions.
” There are two kinds of intelligence tests, Verbal and Non-verbal.
Verbal Tests
In Verbal Tests, the items are expressed in language forms. These tests are of various types, like;

• Inserting of missing letter
  Example: Day is to night as truth is to “Falsehood”. (In this sentence the missing word falsehood has been inserted)
  Example 2: Man is to run as bird is to ———
  Answers: Fly, Run, Weak (correct answer is Fly),
• Inserting of missing number or figure
  Example: Complete the series:
  2, 6, 9, 13, 16, –, –In missing figure questions, a series of drawing or patterns or designs are arranged in the particular pattern and the candidate is asked to choose the required figures out of the choices indicated, which will come next in the series. These are the non-verbal types of tests.
• Words Forming
  This test measure the ability of the candidate in word building. Here, the words are built either by prefixing (before) or suffixing (fixing at the end) new letters or taking off from or adding new letters to the body of the words.Example: Imagine a single letter which when added to the body of the following words forms entirely new words;
  FIST, TICK, HEAT, BUST
  Solution: The candidate will see that if the word R is added to each of the given words then new words will be; FIRST, TRICK, HEART, BURST
  Hence the answer is R
• Jumbled Words
  The word jumble means to be mixed together without order.
  Example: Which choice mentions the last letter of the word from the following jumbled spelling?
  Choices: L, B, F, T
  Answer: L (the correct word is Football)
• Formation of correct sentence
  Example: Rearrange the following jumbled words to form a sensible sentence.
  
  • (1)The bud nipped must be evil in the.
    (2)All cats are not cats but all animals are animals.
    (3)One of the foretell to shape things cannot come.
  Answers:
  
  • (1)The evil must be nipped in the bud.
    (2)All cats are animals but all animals are not cats.
    (3)One cannot foretell the shape of things to come.
• General knowledge tests
  This is a test of general knowledge where the candidate is required to keep his general knowledge up to date.
• Alphabetical test
  This test is based on alphabets. If a candidate has sharp memory then this question becomes quite simple.
  Example: It takes 3 minutes to boil an egg. How much times will it take to boil 6 eggs together?
  Choices: 18, 6, 3
  Answer: 3
• Completion test
  In this test, some letters of the words, whose meaning are given against them are missing, the candidate is asked to fill in those missing letters.
  Example: Insert suitable letters in the following:
  
  • (1)-ar-e (big)
    (2)quick-y (fast)
    (3)-h-rt (not tall)
    (4)-m-ll (not big)
    (5)-LL-H (creator)
  Answer: (2) L G (2)L (3)S O (4)S A (5)AA
• Synonym test
  The word synonym means “a name or word having the same meaning with another”
  Example: Write the number of the pair of the words which do not possess the same kind of meaning as the others?
  
  • (1)Honesty and Integrity
    (2)Bondage and Freedom
    (3)Risk and Danger
    (4)Pain and Agony
  Answer: (2)
• Direction test
  This test required a keen sense of section. The candidate must remember the distance covered in the direction. This will help him to answer the question correctly.
  Example: If you start from point A and walk 5 miles towards the west, then turn right and walk 4 miles towards the north, then turn right again and walk 3 miles, then which choices mentions the direction in which you are going?
  Choices: North, South, West, East
  Answer: East
• Spotting the stranger
  The candidates are supplied a group of words or numerical values in this test. Some of the words in group relate to one particular class but one or more words do not belong to that class.
  Example: Write the number of the subject which is dissimilar from the other subjects;
  Choices: Principal, Professor, Headmaster, Teacher, Students
  Answer is ‘Student’
• Coding and decoding
  Giving code or artificial values to letter of alphabet. The word code means “a collection of digit of law or a system of rules and regulations” . Letters of alphabets in this test do not stand for themselves but for some other letters.
  Example: if Y C V G T means W A T E R then what does H K T G mean?
  Solution: In this question;
  
  • Y stands for W
    C stands for A
    V stands for T
    G stands for E
    T stands for R
  A careful observation brings out that each letter in the alphabets stands for the letter two paces preceding it. Using the same principle, the letter H K T G will stand for F I R E.
• Commonsense test
  This is a simple and easy test and it required only a common sence.
  Example: 5 years ago, khalid was 10 years older then ali. What is the difference between their ages at present?
  Choices: 10, 5, 15
  Answer: 10
• Multiple choice test
  In this test, an incomplete statement is followed by some alternative choices as answers. The candidate is asked to chose one or more suitable choices of answers that complete the question or the statement.
  Example: Which choice answers the following question?
  Islamabad is famous because;
  
  • (1)It is very clear city.
    (2) Numerous foreigners live in it.
    (3) The president lives in it.
    (4) It is the capital of Pakistan.
  Answer is (4)
• Arithmetic test
  These type of tests involves some arithmetic values which are added, multiplied, divide, subtracted by some other numerical values.

Non-Verbal Tests
The non-verbal intelligence tests comprise of;

• Matrix test
  In these tests a series of designs are displayed. The candidate is required to complete the series or delete any particular design which does not relate to the series.
• Word association test
  The word association means, free association in which a word serves as the stimulus object. Candidates are advised that while using a word as stimulus, not to write lengthy sentences. Meaningful and brief sentences are very helpful.
• Thematic apperception (Picture story) test
• Physiological situational test (the story of Theo or Mr. “X”) etc..

Analogy Tests

One word substitution, Insertion of missing letter, Insertion of missing number or figure, Word association, Jumbled words, Sentence completion test, Letter distinction, General Knowledge Test, Alphabetical test, Completion Test, Synonym test, Direction test, Spotting the stranger, Code test, Coding and decoding, Commonsense test, Multiple choice test, Arithmetic test etc.Word association test : This test give an idea to a psychologist whether a candidate can perfectly understand and initiates or originates new ideas in his mind. In ISSB, there are only 50 words which are to be tested. Each word is kept before a candidate in a printed form on a car board. In some cases hand written words may also be displayed. The candidate is given only 15 second for each words for using as a stimulus. i,e. Love, Fortune, Power, Father, Stop etc.

Self Description test
This test is very important test in the series of psychological tests. In this test the candidate is asked to give a pen picture, giving all the good and bad points of himself. This test is also studies by the interviewing officer who first form an opinion regarding the candidate in his mind without seeing or talking to him. Generally, the interview is based on the information given in the self description of the candidate, so as to confirm as to how far the information given by the candidate is correct.You should not conceal your weak points and mention only good points. You should make a free, frank and bold confession of your weakness and faults if any. You should discuss different aspects of your personality separately to make it easier for the psychologist to assess your personality. These aspects could be;

• Physical aspects
• Social aspects
• Educational background
• Parentage and economic status of the family
• Morel and religious practices
• Interest in cultural and co-curricular activities
• Who are your best judges, like what your parents, friends or enemies think about you.

G.T.O (Group Testing Officer) TestGroup discussions
The group discussion or group discussion task has assumed great importance. In the Group Testing Officer Task or G.T.O Task, the candidate creates the first impression on the Group Testing Officer (G.T.O) and other members of his group. The good performance of the candidate in the task of group discussion creates a good impression on the Group Testing Officer, and enrich his role in subsequent group tasks. As first impression is the last impression, hence the candidate must try his best to show his worth in group discussion.During group discussion all candidates are arranged to sit in a circle. In the beginning every candidate introduces himself, like which city he belongs to, his educational qualifications, hobbies etc.  Thereafter, the group discussions exercise begins. In this task, usually, two subjects are read out to the candidates and they are required to choose one of them for the sake of discussion. The subject which is agreed upon by the majority of the candidates is accepted by the Group Testing Officer for discussion.

Helpful Tips for Group Discussions

• Carefully listen to the briefing of the Group Testing Officer.
• Take interest in the discussion and remain very active during the discussion.
• Try to understand the topic first and make your effort to take lead in determining the choice of the subject.
• Talk with confidence to the whole group looking in the eye of each candidate, and you must not keep looking at the Group Testing officer.
• Don’t be rigid in your ideas, must accept criticism with open mind.
• Co-operate with others in friendly manner.
• Remember its not the command of English language checked during this discussion, do not hesitate even if you are making grammatical mistakes.

Group Planning Exercise
This exercise begins soon after the Group Discussion, It is an outdoor task, where the Group Testing officer reads out the narrative and with the help of the sand-model or sketch map explains the situation to the candidates. The map or model contains the scale, legend etc. If the candidates required any clarification to some pints, then it is cleared by the Group Testing Officer.

Thereafter, the candidates are to write down their individual solutions in the paper provided for the purpose. The candidate are not allowed to consult each other while writing down their solutions. The candidate have to write down their chest numbers on the tip of the writing papers.

The time for this written work is about 10 minutes. Thereafter, the candidate are required to discuss among themselves the situation and problems so as to arrive at a group solutions or plan. Every candidate is desired to express his views on the situation.

All the candidates must arrive at a group plan. In the case the whole group is not unanimous in deciding the solution, then the plan accepted by the majority of the candidates is presented as the plan of the group.

Then one of the candidate who is selected by the group itself stand up as a spokesman and present the plan to the Group Testing Officer.

The time limit for discussion presentation is the observation and study of natural phenomena all around him. The time limit for discussion and presentation of the group plan is usually 20 minutes.

After the presentation of group plan, the Group Testing Officer may ask the other candidate to give comments or criticism or suggestion. If any, to improve or modify the plan.

Helpful tips for Group Planning Exercise

• You must strive for winning the distinction of being the spokesman of the group.
• The situations in these planning exercises are usually involved destroying the enemy and his equipment, his bridges etc. You must examine the narrative and try to understand the situation. Try to catch the importance of the matter in your mind before presenting your solution to the group members.
• If your given judgment appears to be wrong then you must admit it cheerfully and quickly.

Physical Tasks
For these physical tasks you should be carrying white short shirt, while shorts, white canvas shoes and white socks.Progressive Group task
This task falls in outdoor series of tasks. In this task a group of 8 to 0 candidates are required to cross 4 obstacles of hindrances or restrictions in 40 minutes as a whole group. In tackling these hindrances, the candidates have to attach much importance to bridge, lever and swing as well as the helping material which they have to carry while crossing obstacles. Group testing officer will explain the nature and rules of task in the beginning.

Helpful Hints for Progressive Group task
In tackling the obstacles of “Progressive Group Task”, there are as a matter of fact, three main principles which are involved. They are, lever, bridge and swing. The plank or planks that are employed as helping material can be used either in the form of a lever  or bridge according to the circumstances. A rope should invariably be tied, as the case may be, to the remotest end of the lever or bridge. This is very essential because it becomes impossible for the candidates to get or pull back the plank once they crossed over.Some of the fundamental rules which the Group Testing Officer clears to the candidates before beginning the task are;

1. Out of Bounds Rule
   The whole ground area and any other structure painted red between the start line and the finish line, and their helping materials and loads are out of bounds to the candidates. There is punishment for any candidate or any object that touches the out of bounds area. The defaulter have soon to go back to the star line of that obstacle. If any object touches the out bounds areas, then the object should be carried back by the defaulter to the stat-line and then it should be brought forward again.
2. The Four Feet Rule
   The candidates are not permitted to jump any distance exceeding 4 feet either in length or in height. Such distances, are to be crossed with the assistance of the helping materials (ropes or bellies).
3. The Group Rule
   Every obstacle should be crossed by the whole group with its material and load, before the next obstacle is tried by  anybody in the group.
4. The Time Rule
   The task should be concluded in 40 minutes. There is no time limit for each of the four obstacles which are included in this task.

Example
In the following hindrances, with the assistance of a plank and two ropes, the candidates are required to cross it over, where candidates are forbidden to jump up or down or cover a distance of four feet. There is punishment for any candidate or any object that touches the out of bounds red area. The time require to tackle the hindrances is 40 minutes.

Half Group Task
In Half Group Task candidates of a group who are, usually 8 to 10 are divided into two groups. In this task, each half group has to face only a single hindrance. They must carry the main material and the helping material with them, on crossing the obstacle to the other side of the obstacle.Example
Within the starting line and the finishing line, there are two wooden platform Q and R and a moveable drum P. The middle portion of the drum which is marked red, is out of bounds. There are also three small planks lying outside the starting line. The candidate should cross over from the starting line to the finishing line with the aid of those small planks.

Final Group Task
In the series of Group Testing Officers’ outdoor tasks, the “Final Group Task”, is the last task. The time allowed in this task is usually 10 minutes but generally it is shortened by one or two minutes. As this task , once again is a task of group as whole, hence the qualities of team spirit, co-operation, initiative, proper planning, etc will count much.Example
In the following obstacle, the candidates are given a rope, a plank and a structure. It is also their duty to take wounded man on the structure. The red portion is out of bound in this task.

Individual Obstacles
It is the individual task of each candidate, where candidate has to face every obstacle or hindrance or restriction in his individual or personal manner. These obstacles are usually 10 in  number which are to tackled by a candidate in a brief time of 3 minutes only.

1. Long jump.
2. Walking over inclined small wooden planks.
3. Crawling like a monkey.
4. Waking across parallel ropes.
5. Rope climbing
6. Passing through tyre.
7. Tarzan swing
8. Tarzan jump.
9. Crossing over horizontal plank.
10. Running over inclined plank.Command Task
    In this task, each candidate in the group, is selected in turn as commander by the Group Testing Officer. The commander chooses three or four candidates as his assistants for tackling an obstacle. The commander will be successful in his task if possesses qualities of a leader. He should be very intelligent in the selection of his assistants, in imparting them proper brief instructions, in getting labor out of them and assisting them properly whenever required. The assistants of the commander should also strive for the success of their leader. All the way, they should carry out his orders with sincere spirit and loyalty. The main purpose of the Group Testing Officer in the performance of command task, is to assess the value of the candidate as a commander. He also gets a glimpse of the qualities of the assistants of the commander, The candidates should also prove themselves to be useful, sincere, and loyal subordinates.The time allowed for the execution of the command task is usually 10 minutes. Helpful Hints
    
    • As a commander he should avoid seeking any suggestions from his subordinates.
    • In order to perform the duty of a commandership the candidate should avoid to do the work himself. He should supervise the whole work. At times, if necessary, he can extend his helping hand to others in the performance of smooth work.
    • The candidate as a commander, must see that nobody stands idle.
    • He must give utmost importance to the items of planning, supervising and execution of the work.
    • He should select a place which can enable him supervise the work in a most efficient manner.
    Example
    In this problem, the commander is supplied with a little wooden ladder P and a small wooden plank Q. The portions of the material which are indicated in the black shades are allowed to touch the ground between the finishing line and the starting line. Otherwise it is, for material and men out of bounds.
    
11. Personal Interview
    In interview, generally, such questions are put to the candidate which bring out his common sense, his familiarity with the current national and international happenings and current social and political trends of the world.Remember, the person who conducts interview is not merely interest in his mere knowledge. Its gibes close attention to the candidate’s reactions to various situations. It may, intentionally, endeavor to upset the mental stability of the candidate in order to discover his true personality. The Interviewer may attempt to annoy or provoke him by pronouncing his incorrectly, by not offering a chair to sit immediately, by asking to person certain odd errand, like, fetching water, serving tea, removing some furniture, etc. It is against respect to his by deliberately attributing certain wrong statements to him, pointing out to certain sports on his clothes, mixing up of personal facts. There are instances, where the interviewee has been asked to sing a song, recite a poem, crack a joke, etc. Such curious situations are coined by the Interviewer for bringing our the true value of the interviewee. In all such odd circumstances, the interviewee should attempt to retains his calmness and presence of mind.Usually the subjects for interview are Indo Pak history, World history, Geography, Physics, Chemistry, General Knowledge, Current affairs. Helpful Hints for Personal Interview
    (1) Speak in natural way: The interviewee should not speak fast, incoherently or inaudibly in the course of an interview. He should try to speak every word in a well pronounced and distinct manner. He should speak in quite a natural way. Every word should be quiet clear and well pronounced. Slang words should be avoided altogether. Every person develops his won method of speaking. It is not wise to imitate the style of any other person.
    (2) Don’t Bluff : It is always a wrong practice to bluff. The interviewee should never forget that the interviewers are scholars, well read, accomplished and experienced people and they seldom mistake in judging the real worth of the candidate. It is beneficial for the interviewee, therefore, that he should be as frank, truthful and sincere as possible.
    (3) Don’t be rude : A person should develop the habit of politeness. It has a great importance in the case of a candidate. Some candidates, finding themselves unable to answer a few questions, lose their temper and even become rude. This is a dangerous habit and should be abondoned.
    (4) Sticking to one’s point of view : In an interview, the interviewee should stick to his own point of view. The candidate is expected to have distinguished personality of his own and his preference and prejudices and his definite ideas on important matters. Once a candidate has expressed his approach to a certain problem, he should stick to it, even though the interviewer may express his disagreement with his views. An instance will make this point more clear. If the candidate is of the view that there is food shortage in the country, then he should not agree with the interviewer that the country has not real food deficit, simply because they have so insisted.
    (5) Argument and challenge : To try to be “clever” is something bad and harmful. One should not throw a challenge or put question to the examiner. Avoid argument with him. Never tell him that he is wrong. When he says something, listen to him patiently and attentively, even if he is wrong. The interviewer should not be interrupted when he is talking. Avoid given offence to the interviewer in any form.
    (6) Manners : “The loud laugh bespeaks the vacant mind” Goldsmith. You may laugh with the examiner but not at the examiner.
    *Do not smoke unless your are asked to. Don’t offer a cigarette to the examine.
    *Look at the examiner in the face without staring. A candidate with wandering eyes is liable to give an impression of being unreliable.
    *Do not continually move small articles like ashtrays, smoothing your hair or do movements of that sort. These habits suggest lack of confidence.
    *Do not try to show off your knowledge on any subject unnecessarily. Try to be sticking strictly to the point.
    *Do not start chewing sweets, gum or pan which can be objectionable.
    (7) Dress : The candidate must appear in an appropriate dress as demanded by the Board. Suitable dress impresses the examiner. It also helps producing a favorable impression on the minds of his fellow competitors.
    (8) Above all keep faith in ALLAH (God)
    
    
    
    
    
    

    Tribal candidates undergoing ISSB training at Divisional Battle School Noweshara. (29-1-2009)

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List of National Capital of the World

This is a list of national capitals in alphabetical order, including territories and dependencies, non-sovereign states including associated states, and entities whose sovereignty is disputed. Sovereign states are shown in bolded text.

Capital City	Country	Notes
Abu Dhabi	United Arab Emirates
Abuja	Nigeria
Accra	Ghana
Adamstown	Pitcairn Islands	British Overseas Territory
Addis Ababa	Ethiopia
Algiers	Algeria
Alofi	Niue	Self-governing in free association with New Zealand.
Amman	Jordan
Amsterdam	Netherlands
Andorra la Vella	Andorra
Ankara	Turkey
Antananarivo	Madagascar
Apia	Samoa
Ashgabat	Turkmenistan
Asmara	Eritrea
Astana	Kazakhstan
Asunción	Paraguay
Athens	Greece
Avarua	Cook Islands	Self-governing in free association with New Zealand.
Baghdad	Iraq
Baku	Azerbaijan
Bamako	Mali
Bandar Seri Begawan	Brunei [a]
Bangkok	Thailand
Bangui	Central African Republic
Banjul	Gambia
Basseterre	Saint Kitts and Nevis
Beijing	China [b]
Beirut	Lebanon
Belfast	Northern Ireland	Country of the United Kingdom
Belgrade	Serbia
Belmopan	Belize
Berlin	Germany
Bern	Switzerland
Bishkek	Kyrgyzstan
Bissau	Guinea-Bissau
Bogotá	Colombia
Brasília	Brazil
Bratislava	Slovakia
Brazzaville	Republic of the Congo
Bridgetown	Barbados
Brussels	Belgium
Bucharest	Romania
Budapest	Hungary
Buenos Aires	Argentina
Bujumbura	Burundi
Cairo	Egypt
Canberra	Australia
Caracas	Venezuela
Cardiff	Wales	Country of the United Kingdom
Castries	Saint Lucia
Cayenne	French Guiana	Overseas department of France
Charlotte Amalie	United States Virgin Islands	Territory of the United States
Chisinau	Moldova
Cockburn Town	Turks and Caicos Islands	British Overseas Territory
Conakry	Guinea
Copenhagen	Denmark
Dakar	Senegal
Damascus	Syria
Dhaka	Bangladesh
Dili	East Timor (Timor-Leste)
Djibouti	Djibouti
Dodoma (official); mostly de facto Dar es Salaam (former; some government offices remaining)	Tanzania
Doha	Qatar
Douglas	Isle of Man	British Crown Dependency
Dublin	Ireland
Dushanbe	Tajikistan
Edinburgh	Scotland	Country of the United Kingdom
Edinburgh of the Seven Seas	Tristan da Cunha	British Overseas Territory
El Aaiún (declared)	Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic [d]	The Sahrawi Republic, recognised by 82 states, claims the mostly Moroccan controlled Western Sahara. Moroccan controlled territory includes El Aaiún, and Morocco claims all Sahrawi controlled territory. The Sahrawi government resides in exile in Tindouf, Algeria.[1]
Episkopi Cantonment	Akrotiri and Dhekelia	British Overseas Territory
Flying Fish Cove	Christmas Island	External territory of Australia
Freetown	Sierra Leone
Funafuti	Tuvalu
Gaborone	Botswana
George Town	Cayman Islands	British Overseas Territory
Georgetown	Ascension Island
Georgetown	Guyana
Gibraltar	Gibraltar	British Overseas Territory
Grytviken	South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands	British Overseas Territory
Guatemala City	Guatemala
Gustavia	Saint Barthélemy	Overseas collectivity of France
Hagåtña	Guam	Territory of the United States
Hamilton	Bermuda	British Overseas Territory
Hanga Roa	Easter Island	Special territory of Chile
Hanoi	Vietnam
Harare	Zimbabwe
Hargeisa	Somaliland [c]	De facto independent state not diplomatically recognized by any other state, claimed in whole by the Somali Republic.[2]
Havana	Cuba
Helsinki	Finland
Honiara	Solomon Islands
Islamabad	Pakistan
Jakarta	Indonesia
Jamestown	Saint Helena	British Overseas Territory
Jerusalem (declared, de facto)[i]	Israel	Jerusalem Law states that "Jerusalem, complete and united, is the capital of Israel", and the city serves as the seat of the government, home to the president's residence, government offices, supreme court, and parliament. United Nations Security Council Resolution 478 declared the Jerusalem Law "null and void" and called on member states to withdraw their diplomatic missions from Jerusalem. The United Nations and all member states maintain their embassies in other cities such as Tel Aviv, Ramat Gan, and Herzliya, and do not recognise Jerusalem as the capital.[3] Many countries officially adhere to the proposal that Jerusalem have international status, as called for in the Partition Plan of 1947.[4] The Palestinian National Authority claims East Jerusalem as the capital of a future Palestinian state.
Jerusalem (declared)[i] Ramallah and Gaza (de facto)	State of Palestine	The State of Palestine claims the territories occupied by Israel since the Six-Day War in 1967, with East Jerusalem as its capital. The proclaimed state is currently occupied by Israel and has no effective control over the territories it claims. Administration is based in Ramallah and Gaza, rather than Jerusalem. All members of the United Nations regard East Jerusalem as occupied territory, and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, the Arab League, the Non-Aligned Movement and the European Union recognise it as the capital of a future Palestinian state.[5]
Juba	South Sudan
Kabul	Afghanistan
Kampala	Uganda
Kathmandu	Nepal
Khartoum	Sudan
Kiev	Ukraine
Kigali	Rwanda
Kingston	Jamaica
Kingston	Norfolk Island	External territory of Australia
Kingstown	Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
Kinshasa	Democratic Republic of the Congo
Kuala Lumpur	Malaysia (official)
Kuwait City	Kuwait
Libreville	Gabon
Lilongwe	Malawi
Lima	Peru
Lisbon	Portugal
Ljubljana	Slovenia
Lomé	Togo
London	United Kingdom;  England	London is both the capital of England, a Country of the United Kingdom, and of the United Kingdom itself, a sovereign state.
Luanda	Angola
Lusaka	Zambia
Luxembourg	Luxembourg
Madrid	Spain
Majuro	Marshall Islands
Malabo	Equatorial Guinea
Malé	Maldives
Managua	Nicaragua
Manama	Bahrain
Manila	Philippines
Maputo	Mozambique
Marigot	Saint Martin	Overseas collectivity of France
Maseru	Lesotho
Mata-Utu	Wallis and Futuna	Overseas collectivity of France
Mbabane (administrative) Lobamba (royal and legislative)	Swaziland
Melekeok	Palau
Mexico City [e]	Mexico
Minsk	Belarus
Mogadishu	Somalia
Monaco	Monaco	City-state
Monrovia	Liberia
Montevideo	Uruguay
Moroni	Comoros
Moscow	Russia
Muscat	Oman
Nairobi	Kenya
Nassau	Bahamas
Naypyidaw	Myanmar
N'Djamena	Chad
New Delhi	India
Niamey	Niger
Nicosia	Cyprus
Nicosia	Northern Cyprus	De facto independent state that is recognised only by Turkey. Northern Cyprus is claimed in whole by the Republic of Cyprus.[6]
Nouakchott	Mauritania
Nouméa	New Caledonia	Sui generis collectivity of France
Nukuʻalofa	Tonga
Nuuk	Greenland	Self-governing territory of the Danish Realm
Oranjestad	Aruba	Self-governing part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
Oslo	Norway
Ottawa	Canada
Ouagadougou	Burkina Faso
Pago Pago	American Samoa	Territory of the United States
Palikir	Federated States of Micronesia
Panama City	Panama
Papeete	French Polynesia	Overseas collectivity of France
Paramaribo	Suriname
Paris	France
Philipsburg	Sint Maarten	Self-governing part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
Phnom Penh	Cambodia
Plymouth [f] (official) Brades Estate (de facto)	Montserrat	British Overseas Territory
Podgorica	Montenegro
Port Louis	Mauritius
Port Moresby	Papua New Guinea
Port Vila	Vanuatu
Port-au-Prince	Haiti
Port of Spain	Trinidad and Tobago
Porto-Novo (official) Cotonou (de facto)	Benin
Prague	Czech Republic
Praia	Cape Verde
Pretoria (executive) Bloemfontein (judicial) Cape Town (legislative)	South Africa
Pristina	Kosovo[j]	De facto independent state that is recognised by 90 UN member states and by Taiwan. Claimed in whole by the Republic of Serbia as part of its Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija. Republic of Kosovo has de facto control over most of the territory, with limited control in North Kosovo.
Pyongyang	North Korea
Quito	Ecuador
Rabat	Morocco
Reykjavík	Iceland
Riga	Latvia
Riyadh	Saudi Arabia
Road Town	British Virgin Islands	British Overseas Territory
Rome	Italy
Roseau	Dominica
Saipan	Northern Mariana Islands	Territory of the United States
San José	Costa Rica
San Juan	Puerto Rico	Territory of the United States
San Marino	San Marino
San Salvador	El Salvador
Sanaá	Yemen
Santiago	Chile
Santo Domingo	Dominican Republic
São Tomé	São Tomé and Príncipe
Sarajevo	Bosnia and Herzegovina
Seoul	South Korea
Singapore	Singapore	City-state
Skopje	Macedonia
Sofia	Bulgaria
Sri Jayawardenapura-Kotte [g] (legislative; largely de facto) Colombo (previous capital; has some government offices)	Sri Lanka
St. George's	Grenada
St. Helier	Jersey	British Crown Dependency
St. John's	Antigua and Barbuda
St. Peter Port	Guernsey	British Crown Dependency
St. Pierre	Saint Pierre and Miquelon	Overseas collectivity of France
Stanley	Falkland Islands	British Overseas Territory
Stepanakert	Nagorno-Karabakh Republic	The self-declared country remains diplomatically unrecognised by UN-member states, including Armenia. Transnistria, South Ossetia, and Abkhazia, all UN non-member states, recognise the state.
Stockholm	Sweden
Sucre (constitutional) La Paz (administrative)	Bolivia
Sukhumi	Abkhazia	De facto independent state recognised by Russia, Nauru, Nicaragua, Venezuela, South Ossetia and Transnistria. Claimed in whole by Republic of Georgia as the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia.
Suva	Fiji
Taipei	Taiwan	Officially the Republic of China (ROC), it has been competing for recognition with the People's Republic of China (PRC) as the sole Chinese government since 1949. Taiwan controls the island of Taiwan and its associated islands, Quemoy, Matsu, the Pratas, and part of the Spratly Islands[7] The territory of Taiwan is claimed in whole by China.[8] The Republic of China participates in the World Health Organization and a number of non-UN international organizations such as the World Trade Organization, International Olympic Committee and others under a variety of pseudonyms, most commonly Chinese Taipei.
Tallinn	Estonia
Tarawa	Kiribati
Tashkent	Uzbekistan
Tbilisi	Georgia
Tegucigalpa	Honduras
Tehran	Iran
Thimphu	Bhutan
Timbuktu (proclaimed) Gao (temporary)	Azawad	De facto independent state not diplomatically recognized by any other state, claimed in whole by Mali.
Tirana	Albania
Tiraspol	Transnistria	De facto independent state, not recognized by any UN-member, but by Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Claimed in whole by the Republic of Moldova as the Territorial Unit of Transnistria.
Tokyo	Japan
Tórshavn	Faroe Islands	Self-governing territory of the Danish Realm
Tripoli	Libya
Tskhinvali	South Ossetia	De facto independent state recognised by Russia, Nicaragua, Nauru, Venezuela, Abkhazia and Transnistria. Claimed in whole by the Republic of Georgia as the Provisional Administrative Entity of South Ossetia.
Tunis	Tunisia
Ulan Bator	Mongolia
Vaduz	Liechtenstein
Valletta	Malta
The Valley	Anguilla	British Overseas Territory
Vatican City	Vatican City [h]	City-state
Victoria	Seychelles
Vienna	Austria
Vientiane	Laos
Vilnius	Lithuania
Warsaw	Poland
Washington, D.C.	United States
Wellington	New Zealand
West Island	Cocos (Keeling) Islands	External territory of Australia
Willemstad	Curaçao	Self-governing part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
Windhoek	Namibia
Yamoussoukro (official) Abidjan (former capital; still has many government offices)	Côte d'Ivoire
Yaoundé	Cameroon
Yaren (de facto)	Nauru	Country does not have an official capital; however, the government offices are in Yaren.
Yerevan	Armenia
Zagreb	Croatia

Source: Wikipedia